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CO₂ Sequestration 
& Monitoring

Two Companies, One CCS Offering

In alignment with our pledge to support global initiatives for a sustainable energy future, GeoMark Research and Petricore strongly believe in the safe and responsible capture and sequestration of CO₂ into the subsurface. That’s why our team of geoscientists, core analysts and engineers have customized traditional proven geochemical and engineering techniques to assist in the monitoring of CO₂ movements, along with rock-fluid interactions within the subsurface.

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Field-scale monitoring applications, such as those below, provide a cost effective, non-evasive and efficient option to assess the migration pathways of CO₂ plumes within storage reservoirs and produce quantitative evidence for formation/seal breakthrough.

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Laboratory Analyses

  • Routine Core Analysis - Rock property measurements

  • Special Core Analysis - Multiphase flow behavior & electrical properties

  • Digital Rock Analysis - Reservoir characterization & host mineral reactivity

  • Wellsite Services - Sample collection & preservation

  • Fluid & Rock Geochemistry - Reservoir fluid characterization & correlation

  • PVT - Fluid phase behavior & connectivity

  • CO₂ Plume Monitoring - Time-lapse geochemistry (Plumeview    )

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Consulting Services

  • Analytical Program - Assistance with the selection of samples and analytical procedures

  • Petrophysics - Reservoir properties, characterization & correlation

  • Global Rock & Fluid Database - RFDbase for CCS site screening and selection

Research

  • Commitment to research for joint industry and academia collaborations

Location Assessment

Reservoir Presence, Connectivity and Continuity

  • Petrophysics

  • PVT

  • Chemostratigraphy

  • Fluid Characterization

  • Fluid Correlations

  • Rock & Fluid Database (RFDbase)

Reservoir Assessment

Reservoir Composition and Quantity

  • XRD & XRF

  • SEM/SEM-EDS

  • Micro CT

  • Porosity

  • Permeability (absolute & relative)

  • Capillary Pressure

  • Multi-phase

  • Flow Properties

Seal Assessment

Caprock Integrity

  • Rock Strength

  • Stress

  • Ductility 

  • Mineral Reaction Risk

Monitoring

Reservoir and CO   Plume Surveillance

  • Rock Strength

  • Stress

  • Ductility 

  • Mineral Reaction Risk

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Location Assessment: Capturing CO   Opportunities

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RFDbase -Global Rock & Fluid Data Insight

GeoMark’s RFDbase provides statistically significant calibration data for pressure, temperature, chemistry and maximum thermal stress across the globe, which is essential for modeling CO₂/brine/seal interactions.

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This invaluable information forms a crucial part of the screening and risk assessment phase for any CCS project, and critical data inputs for subsurface models.

 

RFDbase also provides a data platform for the development of a proprietary subsurface database.

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Reservoir Properties, Connectivity and Continuity

Reservoir Properties

  • Identification of potential CO₂ reservoir targets via petrophysical evaluations to deliver porosity, fluid type & saturation and rock composition

  • Petrophysical assessments of geomechanical properties for caprock integrity and wellbore stability

  • XRF and XRD data can be used to validate petrophysical models

  • PVT data to assist in the determining capillary pressure and relative permeability

Reservoir Connectivity & Continuity 

  • Petrophysical well correlations of CO₂ reservoir targets

  • Chemostratigraphic correlations via XRF data from cuttings and core

  • Well-to-well pressure comparisons via PVT analysis and data review

  • Fluid geochemistry (water, oil and gas) analysis can identify potential compartmentalization within reservoir targets

Fluid Phase & Flow Behavior

  • PVT data as input to reservoir simulation models to predict the flow and transport of CO₂ in the subsurface

  • PVT analysis to evaluate the phase behavior (gas, liquid or supercritical) of CO₂ under varying pressure and temperature conditions. Time-lapse PVT analysis can help monitor phase behavior during the injection cycle

  • Fluid geochemistry aids in the identification of potential reactions between injected CO₂ and formation fluids and/or minerals

Reservoir Assessment: Storage Capacity & Rock-Fluid Interactions

Core Analysis-Laboratory Measurements

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Petrophysical 
Properties

  • Porosity 

  • Absolute Permeability

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Multi-phase Properties

  • Relative Permeability 

  • Capillary Pressure

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Reservoir
Quality

  • Mineralogy (XRD, SEM)

  • Aspect Ratio (pore & grain)

The combination of Petricore and GeoMark’s laboratory services, brings a wealth of expertise and tools to deliver the data needed to investigate, derisk and monitor your CCS project.

 

This complete solution delivers organic and inorganic geochemistry, routine and special core analysis, and advanced techniques such as digital rock analysis.

Digital Rock Analysis 

Digital rock analysis delivers fast advanced rock property data through the combination of digital imaging, image processing and numerical solvers to provide crucial insights to potential CO₂ reservoir targets. Key rock property information such as porosity, permeability (absolute & relative), formation resistivity, capillary pressure, mineralogy and pore geometry can be collected and assessed in a short timeframe.

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To assess the potential reactivity of CO₂ reservoirs and their subsequent seal(s), an exclusive rock soaking technique has been developed that accounts for formation pressures and temperature conditions. Through the utilization of digital rock analysis, it is possible to evaluate rock properties before and after a CO₂ soak. Previous experiments have identified variations in mineralogy, porosity, permeability and the creation and migration of ‘fines’. 

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CO₂ Plume Monitoring – Formation/Seal Breakthrough

Monitoring:

Reservoir Surveillance with Geochemistry

Field-scale monitoring applications, such as those below, provide a cost effective, non-evasive and efficient option to assess the migration pathways of CO₂ plumes within storage reservoirs and produce quantitative evidence for formation/seal breakthrough.

CO₂ Plume Monitoring - Movement

CO₂ sequestration acts as Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), liberating less mobile hydrocarbons from the formation and driving them to a monitoring well.

THE BENEFITS

  • Mobility of shorter chained, less mobile hydrocarbons will be increased with increased pressure from CO₂ injection.

  • Regular sampling and analysis of hydrocarbons from monitoring wells can provide an indication of CO₂ plume movement across a storage area.

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CO₂ Plume Monitoring – Formation/Seal Breakthrough

Baseline fluid families as defined by oil, gas and water analyses allows for the vertical fluid character (fingerprint) of each formation above, within and below the CO₂ injection reservoir.

THE BENEFITS

  •  Regular sampling and analysis of fluid samples from monitoring wells can provide critical information on potential reservoir breakthrough events if sudden fluid family shifts are observed in the monitoring wells

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PlumeView       - A dashboard to monitor your CO₂ plume

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PlumeView     provides a workflow and a data visualization dashboard to monitor the lateral and vertical migration of your CO₂ plume. Through the generation of ‘Day 0’ geochemistry families (baseline) created from oil, gas and/or water analysis, it is possible to identify baseline deviations across monitoring wells via routine sampling and analysis. A variation in baseline within a monitoring well could indicate either CO₂ plume movement in that direction or a seal breakthrough that delivers geochemistry families outside of the target reservoirs.

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Day 0

Geochemical family distribution at each monitoring well location before CO₂ injection.

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Day 100

Geochemical family distribution at each monitoring well location on day 100 of CO₂ injection.

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Note that the values of each geochemical family has changed, along with the addition of a new family (A). This information allows for the interpretation of a) movement direction of CO₂, b) preferred reservoir target flow, and c) potential seal or fault breakthrough.

​For more information on our CO₂ Sequestration & Monitoring capabilities, or to discuss collaboration opportunities, please contact us at ccs@geomarkresearch.com or ccs@petricore.com to learn more.

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